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STS-135

 
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Dołączył: 23 Lip 2013
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PostWysłany: Wto Lip 23, 2013 22:53    Temat postu: STS-135 Odpowiedz z cytatem

STS-135STS-135(ISS assembly flightULF7) was the 135th and final mission of the American Space Shuttle program. It used the orbiterAtlantisand hardware originally processed for the STS-335 contingency mission, which was not flown. STS-135 launched on 8 July 2011, and landed on 21 July 2011, following a one-day mission extension. The four-person crew was the smallest of any shuttle mission since STS-6 in April 1983. The mission's primary cargo was the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)Raffaelloand a Lightweight Multi-Purpose Carrier (LMC), which were delivered to the International Space Station (ISS). The flight ofRaffaellomarked the only time thatAtlantiscarried an MPLM.
Although the mission was authorized, it initially had no appropriation in the NASA budget, raising questions about whether the mission would fly. On 20 January 2011, program managers changed STS-335 to STS-135 on the flight manifest. This allowed for training and other mission specific preparations. On 13 February 2011, program managers told their workforce that STS-135 would fly regardless of the funding situation via a continuing resolution. Until this point, there had been no official references to the STS-135 mission in NASA official documentation for the general public.
During an address at the Marshall Space Flight Center on 16 November 2010, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said that the agency needed to fly STS-135 to the station in 2011, due to possible delays in the development of commercial rockets and spacecraft designed to transport cargo to the ISS. "We are hoping to fly a third shuttle mission (in addition to STS-133 and STS-134) in June 2011, what everybody calls the launch-on-need mission...and that's really needed to [buy down] the risk for the development time for commercial cargo," Bolden said.
The mission was included in NASA's 2011 authorization, which was signed into law on 11 October 2010, but funding remained dependent on a subsequent appropriation bill. United Space Alliance signed a contract extension for the mission, along with STS-134; the contract contained six one-month options with NASA in order to support continuing operations.
The U.S. federal budget approved in April 2011 called for $5.5 billion for NASA's space operations division, including the shuttle and space station programs. According to NASA, the budget running through 30 September 2011 ended all concerns about funding the STS-135 mission.
Crew[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NASA_STS-135_Official_Mission_Poster.jpg/170px-NASA_STS-135_Official_Mission_Poster.jpg[/img]STS-135 mission poster.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Saluting_the_STS-135_Crew.jpg/220px-Saluting_the_STS-135_Crew.jpg[/img]Stephen Colbert, host ofColbert Report, salutes the crew during their appearance for a taping of his television show.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Obama_Meets_Final_Shuttle_Crew.jpg/220px-President_Obama_Meets_Final_Shuttle_Crew.jpg[/img]The crew presents President Obama with a coat from the final mission.


NASA announced the STS-335/135 crew on 14 September 2010. Only four astronauts were assigned to this mission, versus the normal six or seven, because there were no other shuttles available for a rescue following the retirement ofDiscoveryiconjunctioniiand"],,0.731615603],["aandzand"],,0.00122707128],["tajandadverbcoraz"],[["corazandiandiaorazEndeavour.If the shuttle was seriously damaged in orbit, the crew would have moved into the International Space Station and returned in Russian Soyuz capsules, one at a time, over the course of a year. All STS-135 crew members were custom-fitted for a Russian Sokol space suit and molded Soyuz seat liner for this possibility. The reduced crew size also allowed the mission to maximize the payload carried to the ISS. It was the only time that a Shuttle crew of four flew to the ISS. The last shuttle mission to fly with just four crew members occurred 28 years earlier: STS-6 on 4 April 1983 aboard Space Shuttle Challenger.
Crew seating
Funding
With support from both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the fate of STS-135 ultimately depended on whether lawmakers could agree to fund converting the mission from launch-on-need to an actual flight. On 15 July 2010, a Senate committee passed the 2010 NASA reauthorization bill, authored by Senator Bill Nelson, to direct NASA to fly an extra space shuttle mission (STS-135) pending a review of safety concerns. The bill still needed the approval of the full Senate. A draft NASA reauthorization bill considered by the House Science & Technology Committee did not provide for an extra shuttle mission. On 22 July 2010, during a meeting of the House Science Committee, U.S. Rep. Suzanne Kosmas successfully amended the House version of the bill to add an additional shuttle mission to the manifest.
On 5 August 2010, the Senate passed its version of the NASA reauthorization bill, just before lawmakers left for the traditional August recess. On 20 August 2010, NASA managers approved STS-135 mission planning targeting a 28 June 2011 launch. On 29 September 2010, the House of Representatives approved the Senate-passed bill on a 304–118 vote. The bill, approved by the U.S. Congress, went to President Barack Obama for his signature.
On 11 October 2010, Obama signed the legislation into law, allowing NASA to move forward with STS-135, though without specific funding. Generally, the average cost of a shuttle mission was about $450 million.
On 20 January 2011, STS-135's designation was officially changed from STS-335. On 14 February 2011, NASA managers announced that STS-135 would fly regardless of the funding situation in Congress.
Mission parameters
- Mass:Total liftoff weight:4,521,143 pounds (2,050,756 kg)
-Orbiter liftoff weight:266,090 pounds (120,700 kg)
-Orbiter landing weight:226,375 pounds (102,682 kg)
-Payload weight:28,418 pounds (12,890 kg)

- Perigee: TBD
- Apogee: TBD
- Inclination: 51.6°
- Period: 91 minutes
Mission milestones
The mission marked:
- 166th NASA manned space flight
- 135th shuttle mission since STS-1
- 33rd flight ofAtlantis- 3rd shuttle flight in 2011
- 37th shuttle mission to the ISS
- 110th post-Challengerdisaster shuttle mission
- 22nd post-Columbiadisaster shuttle mission
- 100th day launch
- 133rd landing overall, 78th at KSC, 26th night landing, and 20th night landing at KSC
Payload
STS-135 delivered supplies and equipment to provision the space station through 2012, following the end of NASA's space shuttle program. Since the ISS program is likely to be extended to 2020, the station will likely require more spare supplies after the shuttle retires. A shuttle extension beyond STS-135 would have allowed the crew to maintain the completed U.S. orbital segment, relying on the shuttle, but an ISS extension was never intended to be a guaranteed shuttle program extension, and the shuttle program officially ended after STS-135.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MPLM_STS-135.jpg/120px-MPLM_STS-135.jpg[/img]STS-135: MPLM rack complement.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/LMC_STS-135.png/120px-LMC_STS-135.png[/img]STS-135: LMC RRM up and ETCS/PM down payload.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/548212main_RRM1.jpg/120px-548212main_RRM1.jpg[/img]Graphic representation of the RRM on ELC-4 with the SPDM on the right.[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Picosat.jpg/120px-Picosat.jpg[/img]Pico-Sat Solar Cell (PSSC-2) experimental picosatellite breakdown.



Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
The Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)Raffaellomade up the majority of the payload. This wasRaffaello's fourth trip to the International Space Station since 2001 and the 12th use of an MPLM. Unlike previous MPLM missions that delivered large compartments and devices to outfit the space station laboratories, STS-135 delivered only bags and supply containers. The MPLM was filled with 16 resupply racks, which is the maximum that it could handle. Eight Resupply Stowage Platforms (RSPs), two Integrated Stowage Platforms (ISPs), six Resupply Stowage Racks (RSRs) and one Zero-G Stowage Rack (ZSR), which sits above another rack during transport.
On flight day 4,Raffaellowas lifted out ofAtlantis's payload bay using the station's Canadarm2. It was berthed to nadir port of the Harmony node. After completing the cargo transfers to the ISS,Raffaellowas loaded with almost 5,700 pounds (2,600 kg) of unneeded equipment and station waste to be brought back to Earth. On http://whois.toolsky.com/?domain=http://www.telecomconsulting.pl flight day 11, the MPLM was detached from Harmony and was secured in the cargo bay of the shuttle.
Lightweight Multi-Purpose Carrier
The Lightweight Multi-Purpose Carrier (LMC) was also carried on STS-135. The External Thermal Cooling System (ETCS) Pump Module (PM) stored on ESP-2, which failed and was replaced on orbit in August 2010, rode home on the LMC so that a failure analysis can be performed on the ground. The Robotic Refueling Mission rode up to the station on the underside of the LMC and was placed onto the ELC-4.
Robotic Refueling Mission
Main article: Robotic Refueling Mission[img]//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Robotic_Refueling_Mission.ogv/350px--Robotic_Refueling_Mission.ogv.jpg"/> 


Video of the Robotic Refueling Mission.


Atlantiscarried the Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) developed by the Satellite Servicing Capabilities project at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). It planned to demonstrate the technology and tools to refuel satellites in orbit by robotic means. After the proof of concept, the long-term goal of NASA is to transfer the technology to the commercial sector.
RRM included four tools, each with electronics and two cameras and lights. Additionally, it had pumps and controllers and electrical systems such as electrical valves and sensors.
The RRM payload was transported to the Kennedy Space Center in early March 2011, where the GSFC team performed the final preparations for space flight.
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